What are Streptomyces?
Streptomyces are a genus of Gram-positive bacteria known for their distinct "earthy" odor caused by the compound geosmin. These bacteria are soil-dwelling and play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter. They are also prolific producers of
secondary metabolites, which have significant pharmaceutical applications, including in cancer treatment.
Doxorubicin: A widely used chemotherapy drug derived from Streptomyces peucetius, effective against a variety of cancers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lymphomas.
Bleomycin: Derived from Streptomyces verticillus, this drug is used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, and other malignancies.
Mitomycin C: Produced by Streptomyces caespitosus, it is used in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal cancers and certain types of eye cancers.
Doxorubicin works by intercalating DNA strands, inhibiting the enzyme topoisomerase II, which leads to DNA strand breaks and ultimately cell death.
Bleomycin induces DNA strand breaks by generating free radicals, which damage the DNA and lead to apoptosis or cell death.
Mitomycin C functions as an alkylating agent, cross-linking DNA and inhibiting DNA synthesis, which results in the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.
Toxicity: These agents can have significant side effects, such as cardiotoxicity in the case of doxorubicin, which limits its dosage and long-term use.
Resistance: Cancer cells can develop resistance to these drugs, making them less effective over time.
Production Challenges: The complex nature of these compounds can make large-scale production and purification difficult and costly.
Conclusion
Streptomyces have significantly contributed to the field of cancer therapy through their production of potent anticancer agents. While challenges remain, ongoing research and technological advancements hold promise for the development of new and more effective cancer treatments derived from these remarkable bacteria.
