In the context of cancer, cytokines can have dual roles. They can either promote anti-tumor activity or facilitate tumor growth and spread. For instance, cytokines like interferons and interleukins can stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells. Conversely, other cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) can create an environment that helps tumors evade the immune response and promote angiogenesis and metastasis.
