Intravasation involves multiple steps and interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment. First, cancer cells must undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enhances their migratory and invasive capabilities. Following EMT, cancer cells degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) using enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to create a path towards the blood vessels. Once in proximity to the vessels, cancer cells interact with endothelial cells and disrupt the endothelial barrier, allowing them to penetrate into the bloodstream.
