Several molecular mechanisms facilitate intravasation. Key players include integrins, which help cancer cells adhere to the ECM and endothelial cells. Chemokines and their receptors guide the directional movement of cancer cells towards the blood vessels. Additionally, cancer cells often exploit signaling pathways like TGF-beta and VEGF to promote vascular permeability and invasion. These interactions are highly complex and involve a delicate balance between promoting cell survival, motility, and invasion.
