One of the major challenges in cancer discovery and preclinical research is the heterogeneity of cancer. Different types of cancer, and even different tumors within the same type, can have vastly different genetic and molecular profiles. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to develop one-size-fits-all therapies. Another significant challenge is the translational gap—findings that show promise in preclinical studies often fail in human trials due to differences in biology between humans and animal models.
