Initiation The first step is initiation, where a cell undergoes a genetic mutation that gives it a growth advantage. This mutation often affects genes that regulate cell growth and division, such as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Promotion In the promotion stage, the initiated cell is stimulated to divide and multiply. This phase does not involve new mutations but rather an increase in the number of cells with the initial mutation. Factors such as chronic inflammation, hormones, and certain chemicals can act as promoters.
Progression Progression is the final stage, where the cancer cells acquire further mutations that make them more aggressive and able to invade surrounding tissues. During this stage, cells may also develop the ability to metastasize, spreading to distant parts of the body. This stage is characterized by genomic instability and the formation of a heterogeneous tumor cell population.
