Despite their success, GWAS have several limitations:
Small Effect Sizes: Many identified genetic variants have small effect sizes, making it challenging to use them for individual risk prediction. Missing Heritability: GWAS do not explain all the genetic heritability of cancer, suggesting that other factors such as rare variants, gene-gene interactions, and epigenetic modifications may also play significant roles. Population Stratification: Differences in genetic background among populations can lead to false-positive associations if not properly controlled for.
