Despite the promising results, cancer immunotherapy faces several challenges:
1. Tumor heterogeneity can result in variable expression of antigens, making it difficult for the immune system to target all cancer cells. 2. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment can inhibit the effectiveness of immune responses. 3. Not all patients respond to immunotherapy, and biomarkers to predict response are still under investigation. 4. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs), such as inflammation and autoimmunity, can occur, requiring careful management.
