Tumor cell migration is driven by a combination of genetic, molecular, and environmental factors. Key among these are changes in the tumor microenvironment, which includes the extracellular matrix (ECM), signaling molecules, and interactions with other cells, such as fibroblasts and immune cells. Genetic mutations often lead to changes in the expression of proteins involved in cell adhesion, such as integrins and cadherins, which can facilitate detachment from the primary tumor mass and allow cells to migrate.