DNA contains the genetic blueprint for all cellular functions. Mutations, deletions, and amplifications in DNA sequences can lead to cancer initiation and progression. Genetic aberrations like point mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and copy number variations can activate oncogenes or deactivate tumor suppressor genes. For example, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of specific genetic mutations associated with various cancers, paving the way for personalized medicine.
