Given its dual role, targeting TGF-β signaling in cancer therapy is challenging but promising. Several strategies are being explored:
Inhibitors of TGF-β Receptors: Small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies targeting TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 are being developed to block TGF-β signaling. Ligand Traps: Soluble receptors or antibodies that sequester TGF-β ligands, preventing them from binding to their receptors, have shown potential in preclinical studies. SMAD Decoy Proteins: Engineered proteins that interfere with SMAD complex formation can inhibit TGF-β-mediated transcriptional responses. Combination Therapies: Combining TGF-β inhibitors with other treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors or chemotherapy, may enhance anti-tumor efficacy.
