In advanced cancer, TGF-β signaling facilitates several processes that support tumor progression:
Invasion and Metastasis: TGF-β promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process where epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal traits, increasing their motility and invasiveness. Immune Evasion: TGF-β suppresses the anti-tumor immune response by inhibiting the activity of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells while promoting the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Angiogenesis: TGF-β stimulates the formation of new blood vessels, providing the tumor with the necessary nutrients and oxygen for continued growth. Stromal Interaction: TGF-β modulates the tumor microenvironment, influencing the behavior of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and other stromal cells to support tumor growth and metastasis.
