Cancer cells can influence angiogenesis through the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors like VEGF, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). These factors stimulate the surrounding endothelial cells to form new blood vessels, supplying the tumor with the necessary nutrients and oxygen. The newly formed blood vessels are often abnormal, leading to inefficient blood flow and contributing to the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Anti-angiogenic therapies aim to inhibit these pathways, thereby restricting the tumor's blood supply.
