DAMPs can bind to specific receptors on immune cells, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). This binding can trigger signaling pathways that result in the production of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of innate immune cells. For example, the binding of HMGB1 to TLR4 can lead to the activation of dendritic cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
