A 3D tumor microenvironment can be constructed using various techniques such as scaffold-based methods, spheroid formation, and bioprinting. Scaffold-based methods use natural or synthetic materials to provide a framework for cell growth, mimicking the extracellular matrix. Spheroids, on the other hand, are created by allowing cancer cells to self-assemble into 3D structures. Bioprinting involves layer-by-layer deposition of cells and biomaterials to create complex tissue constructs. Each method has its advantages and limitations, but all aim to replicate the spatial and functional properties of the TME.
